What are Polycystic Ovaries?

Polycystic ovaries are slightly larger than normal and contain 10–12 small follicles (cysts). About 20% of women have polycystic ovaries, but only 6–7% of these women have PCOS.

PCOS is diagnosed when any two of the following three criteria are met:

Irregular periods
Signs of excess male hormones, such as facial hair and acne
Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound

Causes of PCOS

The exact cause of PCOS is unknown. It may sometimes run in families.

Symptoms of PCOS

Symptoms are related to high male hormone levels and insulin resistance, and can start around puberty or later in adulthood. They include:

Irregular or absent menstrual periods
Difficulty achieving pregnancy due to irregular ovulation
Excess facial or body hair (hirsutism)
Hair thinning on the scalp
Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
Oily skin, acne, pigmentation
Depression and mood swings

While PCOS is not completely reversible, treatment can minimize symptoms and allow women to lead a normal life.

Diagnosis of PCOS

Diagnosis is made based on symptoms and investigations, including:

Blood tests to measure hormone levels
Ultrasound scan to identify polycystic ovaries

Long-Term Health Risks

Women with PCOS have increased risk of developing diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, depression, sleep problems, and early endometrial cancer.

Treatment

Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and may include:

Weight loss and lifestyle changes
Targeted treatment for individual symptoms
Fertility treatment if pregnancy is desired

PCOS is a lifelong condition, but with proper management, women can maintain a healthy life.